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Martin G. Barker and Stephen L. Sutton, Biotropica Vol. 29
Forest Canopies are physically of extreme value, particularly in the role of diversity and in the role of the primary interface relating the forest to the atmosphere (e.G., Parker et aL 1992). However, difficulties of canopy access have impeded study, and the understanding of canopy processes remains poor (Gasron 1993, Heatwole & Higgins 1993). A current survey (Nadkarni & Parker 1994) of canopy researchers showed that access was perceived as the worse obstruction to the advancement of canopy science; Erwin's (1983) description of the canopy in the 'last biotic frontier' is, therefore, still appropriate. Since this time, there have been vital improvements in the field of canopy access techniques over the last five years, and these developments have been particularly visible in the field of canopy studies of tropical forests. Safe climbing methods must be properly learnt by formal instruction, and we offer no specific guidance on climbing systems at this point. 'Low-tech' methods incorporate relatively effortless equipment (or even no equipment at all), are associated with comparatively low purchase and running costs and are highly mobile. The key advantage to low-tech methods is that the equipment can easily be carried into the forest, often by no more than single person.
A well-established low-tech canopy access system in the field of tropical study is the use of regional tree climbers, designed for case in point to bring together samples before to place supports in the field of the canopy (e.G., Ingram & Lowman 1995, Munn & Loiselle 1995). Regional tree climbers ascend boles using T-shaped brackets joined by the side of intervals up the tree to form a sort of ladder (M. Barker, pers. Obs.). Obviously, there are situations in which regional tree climbers cannot function, namely with that of larger, vineless trees, or when the climbing conditions are judged to be unsafe. Many studies require researchers themselves to gain access to the forest canopy, and several low-tech methods exist and are designed for this. Techniques can broadly be defined in the role of either 'free' climbing, by supports, and bole climbing, e.g., by ladders, spiked strut irons, and 'tree grippers', though these methods can be used in combination. Low-tech methods are less secure than the high-tech systems. We therefore give emphasis to the need for safety precautions, which take priority to study needs (Moffett & Lowman 1995, Laman 1995).
Canopy access, at least to the lower part of the crown, can stay achieved by bole-climbing. Bole-climbing methods are mostly used on trees with straight boles. The simplest and cheapest bole-climbing system is used by regional tree-climbers, e.g., the foot-loop. This system involves pinching the bole with the feet, raising the greater body by hugging the tree, so therefore drawing the feet upwards again (Moffett & Lowman 1995). Controlled descent occurs when sliding down the bole, guided by hands before arms, with feet loosely positioned in the field of the foot loop to function as a brake. This method is effective on trees and vines when their size is less than 50 meters diameter, is inexpensive, requires no research and can be used to climb several trees for each day of the week. Application of the foot-loop needs no more than a small amount of training, and is designed for safety and be used in conjunction with an integrated waist harness and safety line to allow for easy sampling stops. Disadvantages of the system , is that it is strenuous (and potentially perilous if the climber grows tired), uncomfortable on very rough bark surfaces, and ineffective when the bark is wet (J. Malcolm, pers. Comm.).
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