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There are three major components to human metabolism, resting metabolism, physical exertion, and digestion. These three combine to create a certain "burn rate" or the number of calories burned every day.
Resting Metabolism
Resting metabolism is the amount of calories required for basic body functioning, such as the heart beating, breathing, blinking, etc. A good way to think about it is how much energy your body would expend if you lay in bed all day and did nothing. This is also known as the Resting Metabolic Rate. The resting metabolic rate tends to decrease with age. In other words the number of calories required for basic body functions decreases as we get older. This component of metabolism accounts for around 65-70% of the total calories burned during the day.
Physical Exertion
Physical Exertion is exactly what it sounds like; it's the physical activities that you perform, such as lifting objects, cleaning, cooking, and desk work. As you might have guessed the number of calories you burn from lifting weights will be greater than the number of calories doing computer work. This part of your metabolism can be altered by not only exercise, but also the intensity, frequency and duration of the exercise. This is why consistency in an exercise program is important. Physical exertion contributes anywhere from 20 -40% of total calories burned during the day.
Digestion
Digestion might seem like an odd contributor to metabolism; however it is an important part to consider. When you eat food it needs to be digested, and digestion requires energy, which means the body has to expend some calories in order to get the calories out of the food. Sometimes this concept is unaccounted for during diets. If a person over a reasonable amount of time decrease their calorie intake by 3500 calories (the number of calories in one pound of fat) the weight won't necessarily decrease by one pound. This is because the body would expend less energy in processing the food, so you would lose less than a pound. Digestion contribution to metabolism is called the thermic effect of food or TEF. This thermic effect of food contributes to around 10% of total calories burned during the day.
A key to increasing metabolism is to increase muscle mass. Muscle cells consume more calories just doing nothing than do fat cells. How much more? On average, a pound of muscle consumes around 20 times the calories as a pound of fat. The more calories your muscles use, the less there is to store as fat. Another way of looking at it is that more muscles mean a higher resting metabolic rate, even if you are not engaged in exertion.
